The Albany Plan of Union

The Albany Plan of Union   The Albany Plan of Union was an early proposal to organize the British-held American colonies under a single central government. While independence from Great Britain was not its intent, the Albany Plan represented the first officially-endorsed proposal to organize the American colonies under a single, centralized government. The Albany Congress While it was never implemented, the Albany Plan was adopted on July 10, 1754, by the Albany Congress, a convention attended by representatives of seven of the thirteen American colonies. The colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire sent colonial commissioners to the Congress. The British government itself had ordered the Albany Congress to meet in response to a failed series of negotiations between New York’s colonial government and the Mohawk Indian nation, then a part of the larger Iroquois Confederation. Ideally, the British Crown hoped the Albany Congress would result in a treaty between the colonial governments and the Iroquois clearly spelling out a policy of colonial-Indian cooperation. Sensing the certainty of the looming French and Indian War, the British considered the cooperation of the Iroquois to be essential should the colonies be threatened by the conflict. While a treaty with the Iroquois may have been their primary assignment, the colonial delegates also discussed other matters, like forming a union. Benjamin Franklin’s Plan of Union Long before the Albany Convention, plans to centralize the American colonies into a â€Å"union† had been circulated. The most vocal proponent of such a union of colonial governments was Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, who had shared his ideas for a union with several of his colleagues. When he learned of the coming Albany Congress convention, Franklin published the famous â€Å"Join, or Die† political cartoon in his newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. The cartoon illustrates the need for a union by comparing the colonies to separated pieces of a snake’s body. As soon as he was selected as Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Congress, Franklin published copies of what he called his â€Å"short hints towards a scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies† with the support of the British Parliament. Indeed, the British government at the time did consider that placing the colonies under closer, centralized supervision would be advantageous to the Crown by making it easier to control them from afar. In addition, a growing number of colonists agreed with the need to organize in order to better defend their common interests. After convening on June 19, 1754, the delegates to the Albany Convention voted to discuss the Albany Plan for Union on June 24. By June 28, a union subcommittee presented a draft plan to the full Convention. After extensive debate and amendment, a final version was adopted on July 10. Under the Albany Plan, the combined colonial governments, except for those of Georgia and Delaware, would appoint members of a â€Å"Grand Council,† to be overseen by a â€Å"president General† appointed by the British Parliament. Delaware was excluded from the Albany Plan because it and Pennsylvania shared the same governor at the time. Historians have speculated that Georgia was excluded because, being considered a sparsely-populated â€Å"frontier† colony, it would have been unable to contribute equally to the common defense and support of the union. While the convention delegates unanimously approved the Albany Plan, the legislatures of all seven colonies rejected it, because it would have taken away some of their existing powers. Due to the colonial legislatures’ rejection, the Albany Plan was never submitted to the British Crown for approval. However, the British Board of Trade considered and also rejected it. Having already sent General Edward Braddock, along with two commissioners, to take care of Indian relations, the British government believed it could continue to manage the colonies from London. How Albany Plan Government Would Have Worked Had the Albany Plan been adopted, the two branches of government, the Grand Council and the president General, would have worked as a unified government charged with dealing with disputes and agreements between the colonies, as well as regulating colonial relations and treaties with the Indian tribes. In response to the tendency at the time of the colonial governors appointed by the British Parliament to override the colonial legislators chosen by the people, the Albany Plan would have given the Grand Council more relative power than the president General. The plan would have also allowed the new unified government to impose and collect taxes to support its operations and provide for the defense of the union. While the Albany Plan failed to be adopted, many of its elements formed the basis of American government as embodied in the Articles of Confederation and, eventually, the U.S. Constitution. In 1789, one year after the final ratification of the Constitution, Benjamin Franklin suggested that adoption of the Albany Plan might have greatly delayed the colonial separation from England and the ​American Revolution. â€Å"On Reflection it now seems probable, that if the foregoing Plan [the Albany Plan] or something like it, had been adopted and carried into Execution, the subsequent Separation of the Colonies from the Mother Country might not so soon have happened, nor the Mischiefs suffered on both sides have occurred, perhaps during another Century. For the Colonies, if so united, would have really been, as they then thought themselves, sufficient to their own Defence, and being trusted with it, as by the Plan, an Army from Britain, for that purpose would have been unnecessary: The Pretences for framing the Stamp-Act would not then have existed, nor the other Projects for drawing a Revenue from America to Britain by Acts of Parliament, which were the Cause of the Breach, and attended with such terrible Expence of Blood and Treasure: so that the different Parts of the Empire might still have remained in Peace and Union,† wrote Franklin. Britain’s Reaction to the Albany Plan of Union Fearing that if the Albany Plan was accepted, His Majesty’s Government might have a hard time continuing to control its now far more powerful American colonies, the British Crown hesitated to push the plan through Parliament. However, the Crown’s fears were misplaced. The individual American colonists were still far from being prepared to handle the self-government responsibilities demanded by being part of a union. In addition, the existing colonial assemblies ready to surrender their recently hard-won control of local affairs to a single central government. Indeed, that would not happen until well after the submission of the Declaration of Independence.   The Legacy of the Albany Plan of Union While his Albany Plan of Union had not proposed separation from Britain, Benjamin Franklin had accounted for many of the challenges the new American government would face after independence. Franklin knew that once independent of the Crown, America would be solely responsible for necessities like maintaining its financial stability, proving a viable economy, establishing a system of justice, and defending the people from attacks by Indians and foreign enemies.   In the final analysis, the Albany Plan of Union created the elements of a true union, many of which would be adopted in September 1774, when the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to set America on the road to revolution.

Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball

We all thought the ball was juiced 1. With the World Series ending last week all of baseballs many problems got pushed back into the closet once again without any resolutions. During the heated negotiations of labor dispute from this summer the problem of steroid use came to a head when two former all-stars came out and stated that steroid use in professional baseball is rampant. They admitted that they used the banned substance. Not only did these allegations hurt the integrity of the game that millions of fans support annually, but the negative effect that is passed down to the youth. The impressionable youth now think to become a professional they have to use steroids without knowing all the negative side effects. Still yet we see many baseball players looking more like professional body builders than the prototypical average sized athlete. Not saying all of the 235 pound baseball players are juicing, but it does lead to some suspicion of steroid use. Steroids are a dangerous price to pay not only for the play er, the integrity of the game and the youth of the beloved national past time. 2. What would posses professional athletes to the brink of harming their body for a game? The athlete obviously had to practice for years before the opportunity of the major leagues approached them. Anyway what would the use of steroids in baseball be beneficial? Steroids do not help one hit a ninety eight-mile per hour fastball, or help field a ground ball, or even make a throw more accurate. One the other hand steroids can make one run faster, throw harder and hit a ball further. There have been two confirmed cases of steroid use in Major League Baseball. Ken Caminiti, the 1996 National League MVP, and Jose Canseco admitted to using steroids during their careers. The first to come out and admit his steroid use was Caminiti. Caminiti started using steroids the year he won the MVP. What started out as a way to help his shoulder injury ... Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball We all thought the ball was juiced 1. With the World Series ending last week all of baseballs many problems got pushed back into the closet once again without any resolutions. During the heated negotiations of labor dispute from this summer the problem of steroid use came to a head when two former all-stars came out and stated that steroid use in professional baseball is rampant. They admitted that they used the banned substance. Not only did these allegations hurt the integrity of the game that millions of fans support annually, but the negative effect that is passed down to the youth. The impressionable youth now think to become a professional they have to use steroids without knowing all the negative side effects. Still yet we see many baseball players looking more like professional body builders than the prototypical average sized athlete. Not saying all of the 235 pound baseball players are juicing, but it does lead to some suspicion of steroid use. Steroids are a dangerous price to pay not only for the play er, the integrity of the game and the youth of the beloved national past time. 2. What would posses professional athletes to the brink of harming their body for a game? The athlete obviously had to practice for years before the opportunity of the major leagues approached them. Anyway what would the use of steroids in baseball be beneficial? Steroids do not help one hit a ninety eight-mile per hour fastball, or help field a ground ball, or even make a throw more accurate. One the other hand steroids can make one run faster, throw harder and hit a ball further. There have been two confirmed cases of steroid use in Major League Baseball. Ken Caminiti, the 1996 National League MVP, and Jose Canseco admitted to using steroids during their careers. The first to come out and admit his steroid use was Caminiti. Caminiti started using steroids the year he won the MVP. What started out as a way to help his shoulder injury ...

Boeing 727 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Boeing 727 - Research Paper Example The company stopped its manufacturing in the year 1984 after the introduction of more sophisticated aircrafts. The total aircrafts so far produced were around 1832. The record sales of Boeing 727 jet airliner had broken all previous records of commercial sales (Connors, 2010). Boeing 727 had the privilege to become the best selling airline in the history of aviation. Although Boeing 737 has crossed the sales ever recorded, but Boeing 727 holds a permanent place in the history of aviation as one of the most significant airplanes whose role in the development of Global Transportation System is unforgettable (Connors, 2010). Apart from domestic medium range flights, Boeing 727 created a niche the world over and fame amongst the international passenger airliners. The range of flights, the airliner could cover with additional third engine meant that Boeing 727 proved efficient service concerning short and medium range international flights in many areas around the globe. Prior to its oper ations, four engine jet airliners were required for crossing the oceans (Connors, 2010). One can gauge its performance capabilities with the factor that 727 were used as cargo airlines and charter airlines with famous service providers thus found a secondary market. Take the example of FedEx, the largest courier service of the world, introduced this fleet in the year 1978. This has played a vital role in the business of FedEx until its replacement with Boeing 757 for their courier service due to promulgation of noise regulations in the United States of America. For decades, Boeing was considered as workhorse by the major cargo airliners. However, services of Boeing 727 are still available for passengers in those countries, where noise regulations have not been introduced so far (Eden, 2008). Further, Boeing 727 proved to be a popular airliner, which serves on the airports, having lightly improved runways. Others used it to transport passengers to picnic resorts and cruise and vice v ersa. Carnival Cruise Lines is the best example of using 727 and 737 to transport their passengers to cities who took abode on their ships. Nowadays, Con Air, currently using in place of 727 aircrafts to transport prisoners to and from prisons, detaining centers, courts and other places where they are required to be transported (Eden, 2008). In the year 1971, some structural changes have taken place to enhance by placing therein more powerful engine, extended fuel capacity in its latest feature of Boeing 727-200. This had improved its range capability, efficient runway performance with a new wide body look (Norris & Wagner, 1999). This has further improved by inserting another gross weight boost from its minimum 77,122 kg to maximum 86,600 kg. In the year 1972, it has further increased to 208,000 together with the purchase of three heavy weights. The highest gross weight of 727 was raised to the level of 95,300 kg (Norris & Wagner, 1999). Boeing 727 was declared as one of the best s elling commercial airliners in the history of airline in 1972. In the year 1983, orders reached up to the mark of 1,831. With the passage of time, the Boeing 737 surpassed all the previous records it made, nevertheless 727 still holds a dominant place in the history of aviation. The most significant role played by this airliner created a lasting impression in the promotion of aviation business (Connors, 2010). Boeing 727 aircrafts